-Prachurya Ghosh The Peloponnesian War stands as one of the most consequential conflicts in ancient history, not only for its scale and duration but also for the depth of political, social, and philosophical reflection it generated. Lasting nearly three decades, the war involved most of the Greek city-states and fundamentally reshaped the structure of Greek […]Read More
~ Debashri Mandal In 1872, British surveyor Alexander Cunningham uncovered a small clay seal at the ruins of Harappa. It showed a deeply incised bull (no hump) facing right, and above it six short symbols that he could not recognize as any known Indian script. “They are certainly not Indian letters,” Cunningham wrote – he […]Read More
-Oishee Bose How did a rough Siberian peasant gain the trust of a mourning empress and grow into a man whose words could influence who entered and left governmental institutions? The answer is not in a lone theatrical moment or a secret plan. It rests in a gradual collection of fear, confidence, belief, speculation, and […]Read More
-Aritra Biswas According to Hindu philosophy the Shivling (Shiva Linga) is one of the oldest and most sacred symbols where Lord Shiva, the supreme power of destruction, transformation and regeneration resides. Even further than a mere physical object, the Shivling represents the all-embracing cosmic energy that is the source of creation, and into which it […]Read More
~ Debashri Mandal We have heard a lot about the lost cities and civilizations around the world. It has always brought us towards the mysterious disappearance of their prosperity to their mere existence. So, in this article, we will explore one of this kind – The Maya Civilization. Some of the few ancient civilizations have […]Read More
-Prachurya Ghosh Introduction: Time as a Colonial Inheritance When people think about British influence on India, they usually imagine railways, English education, legal systems, or political institutions. Very few think about holidays. Festivals feel ancient, emotional, and rooted in religion or tradition. Diwali, Eid, Durga Puja, Pongal, Baisakhi—these seem untouched by colonial rule. Yet one […]Read More
-Prachurya Ghosh The World That Never Imagined Her Razia Sultan was born around 1205 CE into a political system that had no conceptual space for her future. The Delhi Sultanate was still in its infancy, barely three decades old, and already marked by instability, violence, and elite rivalry. Unlike ancient Indian monarchies rooted in myth […]Read More
-Oishee Bose A Woman Made Dangerous: Crime, Gender, and Survival in Colonial Calcutta The usual narrative point to Jack the Ripper as the world’s earliest and most infamous serial killer. A careful look at colonial records and detective memoirs shows that at least seven years before the London murders, a woman in Calcutta named Troilokyo […]Read More
-Aritra Biswas Introduction: A Palace Made of Purpose Umaid Bhavan Palace on high of Chittar Hill in Jodhpur, is one of the last grand royal palaces in India. This palace developed unlike most of the historic forts and palaces, which were constructed in defense or lavish display, and had a different motive which was to […]Read More
~Debashri Mandal In late 1898, British engineer William Claxton Peppé was overseeing estate work in Piprahwa (present-day Siddharthnagar district, Uttar Pradesh, near the India-Nepal border) when his team accidentally uncovered a buried stupa. Excavating the mound revealed a soapstone reliquary urn inscribed in ancient Brahmi script—a message interpreted as confirming that the buried bones and […]Read More